Monday, January 24, 2022

Episode 613 (1-24-22): The Different Falling Fates of Snow, Sleet, and Freezing Rain

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (4:34).

Sections below are the following:
Transcript of Audio
Audio Notes and Acknowledgments
Images
Sources
Related Water Radio Episodes
For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.).


Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-21-22.

TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO

From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 24, 2022.  This revised episode from February 2019 is part of a series this year of winter-related episodes.

MUSIC – ~18 sec – Lyrics: “Now my house is feelin’ empty, and the trees are bare.”

This week, that excerpt of “Cold World,” by Blacksburg, Va., musician Kat Mills, opens an episode on the differences among three kinds of frozen precipitation experienced when Virginia’s world turns cold.  We set the stage with some winter-storm mystery sounds, including one of those kinds of precipitation.  Have a listen for about 20 seconds and see if you can guess what kind of falling frozen water you’re hearing.

SOUND and RADIO VOICE  - ~18 sec – “Rest of tonight: rain or snow until midnight; then snow or sleet or rain or freezing rain.  Snow and sleet accumulation up to one inch; additional ice accumulation around a trace.”

If you guessed sleet, you’re right!  You heard sleet falling in Blacksburg on February 17, 2019, along with a NOAA Weather Radio winter storm forecast for Southside Virginia on February 19, 2019.  As the Weather Radio forecast shows, winter storms in Virginia can bring a hard-to-predict mix—some might say, mess—of snow, sleet, and freezing rain.  What’s alike and what’s different among these three precipitation types?

All typically start as snow high up in in the atmosphere, where collections of ice crystals combine into snowflakes.  If those flakes encounter only sub-freezing air as they fall, they’ll reach the ground as snow.  If, however, snowflakes encounter a warmer air mass on their way down, sleet or freezing rain can result.   If that warm air mass is relatively narrow and more cold air is encountered below it, the melted flakes can refreeze and fall to the ground as pellets of sleet.   On the other hand, if that warm air mass is wide and reaches relatively close to the ground, cold, liquid raindrops can fall and, upon contact with surfaces at sub-freezing temperature, turn into coatings of ice—that’s freezing rain.

Predicting whether a storm will result in snow, sleet, freezing rain, or just rain is complicated for forecasters.  And, of course, it’s crucial for public safety.   While sleet may have relatively less impact, we all know the challenges of snow, and significant accumulations of freezing rain—also called ice storms—can be especially hazardous from slick roads and downed trees and powerlines.

Thanks to Kat Mills for permission to use this week’s opening music.  We close with some other music that sounds something like sleet, its composer has said, with a title that fits the reaction of many children to snow.  Here’s about 15 seconds of “Pure Joy,” by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg, Va.

MUSIC – ~ 15 sec – instrumental.

SHIP’S BELL 

Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Ben Cosgrove for his version of “Shenandoah” to open and close this episode.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water.

AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Virginia Water Radio episode revises and replaces Episode 461, 2-25-19.

“Cold World,” from the 2003 album “Long Time,” is copyright by Kat Mills and Sweetcut Music, used with permission.  More information about Kat Mills is available online at http://www.sweetcut.com/kat/ and at https://www.facebook.com/katmillsmusic.  This music was used previously by Virginia Water Radio most recently in Episode 553, 11-30-20, on winter weather preparedness.

The sleet sound was recorded by Virginia Water Radio on February 17, 2019, in Blacksburg, Va.

The NOAA Weather Radio comments were recorded by Virginia Water Radio from the February 19, 2019, broadcast by the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Blacksburg, Va., on WXL 60, during that broadcast’s evening forecast for Southside Virginia and nearby areas of North Carolina.

“Pure Joy,” from the 2004 album “Profound Joy,” is copyright by Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, used with permission.  More information about Timothy Seaman is available online at http://timothyseaman.com/en/. 

Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (2 min./22 sec.) of the “Shenandoah” arrangement/performance by Ben Cosgrove that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Cosgrove is available online at http://www.bencosgrove.com.

IMAGES

Following are diagrams on the formation of snow, sleet, and freezing rain, from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (specific sources are provided in captions below the images).

The diagram above was taken from the NOAA/National Weather Service, “Freezing Rain and Sleet,” online at https://www.weather.gov/rnk/measure_icing.

The three diagrams above were all taken from NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, “Severe Weather 101—Winter Weather,” online at https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/winter/types/.

SOURCES USED FOR AUDIO AND OFFERING MORE INFORMATION

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio, online at https://www.weatherusa.net/radio.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Severe Storms Laboratory, “Severe Weather 101—Winter Weather,” online at https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/winter/types/.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Weather Service, “Freezing Rain and Sleet,” online at https://www.weather.gov/rnk/measure_icing.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Weather Service, “Will it rain, sleet, or snow?”, online at https://www.weather.gov/source/zhu/ZHU_Training_Page/winter_stuff/winter_wx/winter_wx.html.

Doyle Rice, “Sleet vs. freezing rain vs. hail.  What’s the difference?”  USA Today, 3/14/17, online at https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2017/03/14/sleet-freezing-rain-hail-whats-the-difference/99160820/. 

The Weather Channel, “Sleet and Freezing Rain: What’s the Difference?” online at https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/sleet-freezing-rain-difference-20121123.

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)/Center for Science Education, “Winter Storms,” online at https://scied.ucar.edu/webweather/winter-storms; and “Will It Rain, Sleet, or Snow?” online at https://scied.ucar.edu/webweather/winter-storms/rain-sleet-snow. 

RELATED VIRGINIA WATER RADIO EPISODES

All Water Radio episodes are listed by category at the Index link above (http://www.virginiawaterradio.org/p/index.html).  See particularly the “Weather/Climate/Natural Disasters” subject categories.

Following are links to several other winter-related episodes, including episodes on some birds that reside in Virginia typically only in winter (listed separately).  Please note that some of these episodes may be redone in early 2022; in those cases, the respective links below will have information on the updated episodes.

Frost – Episode 597, 10-4-21.
Freezing and ice – Episode 606, 12-6-21 (especially for grades K-3).
Ice on ponds and lakes – Episode 404, 1-22-18 (especially for grades 4-8).
Ice on rivers – Episode 406, 2-5-18 (especially for middle school grades).
Polar Plunge® for Special Olympics – Episode 356, 2-20-17.
Snow physics and chemistry – Episode 407, 2-12-18 (especially for high school grades).
Snow terms – Episode 612, 1-17-22.
Surviving freezing – Episode 556, 12-21-20.
Winter precipitation and water supplies – Episode 567, 3-8-21.
Winter weather preparedness – Episode 605, 11-29-21.
Water thermodynamics – Episode 610, 1-3-22. 

Bird-related Episodes for Winter

Audubon Society Christmas Bird CountEpisode 607, 12-13-21.
American Avocet – Episode 543, 9-21-20.
Brant (goose) – Episode 502, 12-9-19.
Canvasback (duck) – Episode 604, 11-22-21.
Common Goldeneye (duck) – Episode 303, 2-15-16.
Green-winged Teal (duck) – Episode 398, 12-11-17.
Grebes (Horned and Red-necked) – Episode 233, 9-29-14.
Loons – Episode 445, 11-5-18.
Fall migration – Episode 603, 11-15-21.
Northern Harrier – Episode 561, 1-25-21.
Snow Goose – Episode 507, 1-13-20.
Tundra Swan – Episode 554, 12-7-20.
Winter birds sampler from the Chesapeake Bay area – Episode 565, 2-22-21.

FOR VIRGINIA TEACHERS – RELATED STANDARDS OF LEARNING (SOLs) AND OTHER INFORMATION

Following are some Virginia Standards of Learning (SOLs) that may be supported by this episode’s audio/transcript, sources, or other information included in this post.

2020 Music SOLs 

SOLs at various grade levels that call for “examining the relationship of music to the other fine arts and other fields of knowledge.”

2018 Science SOLs

Grades K-3 plus 5: Matter
K.4 – Water is important in our daily lives and has properties.
2.3 – Matter can exist in different phases.

Grades K-5: Earth and Space Systems
2.6 – There are different types of weather on Earth.
4.4 – Weather conditions and climate have effects on ecosystems and can be predicted.

Grade 6
6.6 – Water has unique physical properties and has a role in the natural and human-made environment. 6.7 – Air has properties and the Earth’s atmosphere has structure and is dynamic.

Earth Science
ES.11 – The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic system subject to long-and short-term variations.
ES.12 – The Earth’s weather and climate result from the interaction of the sun’s energy with the atmosphere, oceans, and the land.

Virginia’s SOLs are available from the Virginia Department of Education, online at http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/.

Following are links to Water Radio episodes (various topics) designed especially for certain K-12 grade levels (* indicates episode listed above in the “Related Water Radio Episodes” section).

Episode 250, 1-26-15 – on boiling, for kindergarten through 3rd grade.
Episode 255, 3-2-15 – on density, for 5th and 6th grade.
Episode 282, 9-21-15 – on living vs. non-living, for kindergarten.
Episode 309, 3-28-16 – on temperature regulation in animals, for kindergarten through 12th grade.
Episode 333, 9-12-16 – on dissolved gases, especially dissolved oxygen in aquatic habitats, for 5th grade.
*Episode 404, 1-22-18 – on ice on ponds and lakes, for 4th through 8th grade.
*Episode 406, 2-5-18 – on ice on rivers, for middle school.
*Episode 407, 2-12-18 – on snow chemistry and physics, for high school.
Episode 483, 7-29-19 – on buoyancy and drag, for middle school and high school.
Episode 524, 5-11-20 – on sounds by water-related animals, for elementary school through high school. Episode 531, 6-29-20 – on various ways that animals get water, for 3rd and 4th grade.
Episode 539, 8-24-20 – on basic numbers and facts about Virginia’s water resources, for 4th and 6th grade.
*Episode 606, 12-6-21 – on freezing and ice, for kindergarten through 3rd grade.

Tuesday, January 18, 2022

Episode 612 (1-17-22): Winter Word Whirlwind

CLICK HERE to listen to episode audio (3:39).

Sections below are the following:
Transcript of Audio
Audio Notes and Acknowledgments
Images
Extra Information
Sources
Related Water Radio Episodes
For Virginia Teachers (Relevant SOLs, etc.).


Unless otherwise noted, all Web addresses mentioned were functional as of 1-14-22.

TRANSCRIPT OF AUDIO

From the Cumberland Gap to the Atlantic Ocean, this is Virginia Water Radio for the week of January 17, 2022.  This revised episode from January 2016 is part of a series this year of winter-related episodes.

MUSIC – ~12 sec – instrumental.

With a winter storm state of emergency declared by Virginia’s governor on January 14, that excerpt from “Drive the Cold Winter Away,” by Timothy Seaman of Williamsburg, Va., sets the stage for a winter word whirlwind!  Have a listen for about 15 seconds to a series of mystery guest voices, and see if you know what all of these voices would be saying in English.  And if you’ve been shoveling, plowing, or sledding, you probably don’t need a hint!

VOICES and INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC- ~15 sec – “Die shney. Der Schnee. Sneg. La neige. La neve. La nieve. Xuĕ. Salji.

If you guessed snow, you’re right!  You heard the words for snow in Yiddish, German, Russian, French, Italian, Spanish, Mandarin Chinese, and Malay.  Even within individual languages, snow can have many names.  The Inuit people of the Arctic region, for example, have different terms for falling snow, snow that collects on trees, snow on the ground, wind-beaten snow, drifting snow, and many others.  Snow scientists, too, use different terms to distinguish types of snow crystals, snowfalls, and snow conditions on the ground.  Columns, plates, needles, stellar crystals, and irregular crystals are some of the terms used by scientists to describe snowflake types.  And can you guess what term encompasses not only snow and ice on land but all of the frozen water on earth? If you said cryosphere, you’re a snow genius!

Thanks to several Blacksburg residents for lending their voices to this episode.  Thanks also to Timothy Seaman for permission to use this week’s music, and we close with about 20 more seconds of “Drive the Cold Winter Away.”

MUSIC -- ~24 sec – instrumental.

SHIP’S BELL

Virginia Water Radio is produced by the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, part of Virginia Tech’s College of Natural Resources and Environment.  For more Virginia water sounds, music, or information, visit us online at virginiawaterradio.org, or call the Water Center at (540) 231-5624.  Thanks to Stewart Scales for his banjo version of Cripple Creek to open and close this episode.  In Blacksburg, I’m Alan Raflo, thanking you for listening, and wishing you health, wisdom, and good water.

AUDIO NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This Virginia Water Radio episode revises and replaces Episode 300, 1-25-16.

“Drive the Cold Winter Away” is a traditional tune performed by Timothy Seaman and Phillip Skeens on the 1998 album “Celebration of Centuries,” copyright by Timothy Seaman and Pine Wind Music, used with permission.  More information about Mr. Seaman’s music is available online http://timothyseaman.com/.  This selection was used previously by Virginia Water Radio most recently in Episode 553, 11-30-20.

Thanks to several Blacksburg, Va., residents for recording snow terms on January 20, 2016.

Click here if you’d like to hear the full version (1 min./11 sec.) of the “Cripple Creek” arrangement/performance by Stewart Scales that opens and closes this episode.  More information about Mr. Scales and the group New Standard, with which Mr. Scales plays, is available online at http://newstandardbluegrass.com.

IMAGES

Snow-covered Virginia Pine in Blacksburg, Va., January 16, 2022.


Snow plow in Blacksburg, Va., January 16, 2022.


Snowflakes in the glow of a street light in Blacksburg, Va., January 16, 2022.


View from inside an igloo constructed in a Blacksburg, Va., neighborhood, February 15, 2014.

EXTRA INFORMATION ABOUT SNOW

The following information is quoted from National Snow and Ice Data Center, “All About Snow,” online at https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow, accessed January 18, 2022.

“Snow cover is a part of the cryosphere, which traces its origins to the Greek word kryos for frost.  Snow is precipitation in the form of ice crystals. It originates in clouds when temperatures are below the freezing point (0 degrees Celsius, or 32 degrees Fahrenheit), when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses directly into ice without going through the liquid stage.  Once an ice crystal has formed, it absorbs and freezes additional water vapor from the surrounding air, growing into a snow crystal or snow pellet, which then falls to Earth.

“Snow falls in several forms:
*Snowflakes are clusters of ice crystals that fall from a cloud.
*Snow pellets, or graupel, are opaque ice particles in the atmosphere.  They form as ice crystals fall through supercooled cloud droplets, which are below freezing but remain a liquid.  The cloud droplets then freeze to the crystals, forming a lumpy mass. Graupel tends to be soft and crumbly.
*Sleet is composed of drops of rain or drizzle that freeze into ice as they fall, and is sometimes called a wintery mix of rain and snow.  These small, translucent balls of ice are usually smaller than 0.76 centimeters (0.30 inches) in diameter.  Official weather observations may list sleet as ice pellets. In some parts of the United States, the term sleet can refer to a mixture of ice pellets and freezing rain.”

SOURCES

Used for Audio

Lori Aratani, “Virginia governor declares state of emergency ahead of winter storm,” Washington Post, 1/14/22.

Nolan J. Doesken and Arthur Judson, The Snow Booklet: A Guide to the Science, Climatology, and Measurement of Snow in the United States, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo., 1997.

D.M. Gray and D.M. Hale, Handbook of Snow: Principles, Processes, Management & Use, Blackburn Press, Caldwell, N.J., 1981.

James C. Halfpenny and Roy Douglas Ozanne, Winter: An Ecological Handbook, Johnson Books, Boulder, Colo., 1989.

J. Sydney Jones, “Inuit,” on “Countries and Their Cultures” Web site, online at http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Inuit.html.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Ocean Service, “What is the Cryosphere?”, online at http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cryosphere.html.

National Snow and Ice Data Center, “All About Snow,” online at https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow.

Virginia Governor’s Office News Release, “Governor Northam Declares State of Emergency; Incoming winter storm expected to bring snow to much of Virginia,” 1/14/22 (release no longer available online as of 1/18/22).

For More Information on Snow and Snowfall Forecasts and Accumulations

For sources of information on snowfall forecasts and accumulation, please see this Virginia Water Central News Grouper post: Snowfall Prediction and Accumulation Information and Map Sources for Virginia and Nationwide, as of January 2022.

RELATED VIRGINIA WATER RADIO EPISODES

All Water Radio episodes are listed by category at the Index link above (http://www.virginiawaterradio.org/p/index.html).  See particularly the “Weather/Climate/Natural Disasters” subject categories.

Following are links to several other winter-related episodes, including episodes on some birds that reside in Virginia typically only in winter (listed separately).  Please note that some of these episodes are being redone in late 2021 and early 2022; in those cases, the respective links below will have information on the updated episodes.

Frost – Episode 597, 10-4-21.
Freezing and ice – Episode 606, 12-6-21 (especially for grades K-3).
Ice on ponds and lakes – Episode 404, 1-22-18 (especially for grades 4-8).
Ice on rivers – Episode 406, 2-5-18 (especially for middle school grades).
Polar Plunge® for Special Olympics – Episode 356, 2-20-17.
Snow physics and chemistry – Episode 407, 2-12-18 (especially for high school grades).
Snow, sleet, and freezing rain – Episode 461, 2-25-19.
Surviving freezing – Episode 556, 12-21-20.
Winter precipitation and water supplies – Episode 567, 3-8-21.
Winter weather preparedness – Episode 605, 11-29-21.
Water thermodynamics – Episode 610, 1-3-22.

Bird-related Episodes for Winter

Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count – Episode 607, 12-13-21.
American Avocet – Episode 543, 9-21-20.
Brant (goose) – Episode 502, 12-9-19.
Canvasback (duck) – Episode 604, 11-22-21.
Common Goldeneye (duck) – Episode 303, 2/15/16.
Green-winged Teal (duck) – Episode 398, 12-11-17.
Grebes (Horned and Red-necked) – Episode 233, 9-29-14.
Loons – Episode 445, 11-5-18.
Fall migration – Episode 603, 11-15-21.
Northern Harrier – Episode 561, 1-25-21.
Snow Goose – Episode 507, 1/13/20.
Tundra Swan – Episode 554, 12-7-20.
Winter birds sampler from the Chesapeake Bay area – Episode 565, 2-22-21.

FOR VIRGINIA TEACHERS – RELATED STANDARDS OF LEARNING (SOLs) AND OTHER INFORMATION

Following are some Virginia Standards of Learning (SOLs) that may be supported by this episode’s audio/transcript, sources, or other information included in this post.

2020 Music SOLs

SOLs at various grade levels that call for “examining the relationship of music to the other fine arts and other fields of knowledge.”

2017 English SOLs

Reading Theme
5.4, 6.5, 7.4, 8.4, 8.5, 9.3, 9.4, 10.3, 10.4, 11.4 – Symbols, imagery, figurative language, and other literary devices.

2018 Science SOLs

Grades K-3 plus 5: Matter
K.4 – Water is important in our daily lives and has properties.
2.3 – Matter can exist in different phases.

Grades K-5: Earth and Space Systems
K.9 – There are patterns in nature.
1.7 – There are weather and seasonal changes.
2.6 – There are different types of weather on Earth.
2.7 – Weather patterns and seasonal changes affect plants, animals, and their surroundings.
4.4 – Weather conditions and climate have effects on ecosystems and can be predicted.

Grade 6
6.6 – Water has unique physical properties and has a role in the natural and human-made environment.
6.7 – Air has properties and the Earth’s atmosphere has structure and is dynamic.

Earth Science
ES.11 – The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic system subject to long-and short-term variations.
ES.12 – The Earth’s weather and climate result from the interaction of the sun’s energy with the atmosphere, oceans, and the land.

2015 Social Studies SOLs

Grades K-3 Geography Theme
1.6 – Virginia climate, seasons, and landforms.

World Geography Course
WG.2 – How selected physical and ecological processes shape the Earth’s surface, including climate, weather, and how humans influence their environment and are influenced by it.
WG.3 – How regional landscapes reflect the physical environment and the cultural characteristics of their inhabitants.

Virginia’s SOLs are available from the Virginia Department of Education, online at http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/.

Following are links to Water Radio episodes (various topics) designed especially for certain K-12 grade levels (* indicates episode also listed above in the “Related Water Radio Episodes” section).

Episode 250, 1-26-15 – on boiling, for kindergarten through 3rd grade.
Episode 255, 3-2-15 – on density, for 5th and 6th grade.
Episode 282, 9-21-15 – on living vs. non-living, for kindergarten.
Episode 309, 3-28-16 – on temperature regulation in animals, for kindergarten through 12th grade.
Episode 333, 9-12-16 – on dissolved gases, especially dissolved oxygen in aquatic habitats, for 5th grade.
*Episode 404, 1-22-18 – on ice on ponds and lakes, for 4th through 8th grade.
*Episode 406, 2-5-18 – on ice on rivers, for middle school.
*Episode 407, 2-12-18 – on snow chemistry and physics, for high school.
Episode 483, 7-29-19 – on buoyancy and drag, for middle school and high school.
Episode 524, 5-11-20 – on sounds by water-related animals, for elementary school through high school.
Episode 531, 6-29-20 – on various ways that animals get water, for 3rd and 4th grade.
Episode 539, 8-24-20 – on basic numbers and facts about Virginia’s water resources, for 4th and 6th grade.
*Episode 606, 12-6-21 – on freezing and ice, for kindergarten through 3rd grade.